Litteraturliste

Abramowitz A (1988) An Improved Model for Predicting Presidental Election Outcomes. Political Science and Politics 21: 843–47

Allern S (2004) Fra politikermakt til journalistmakt. Programlederrollen i fjernsynsvalglampen 1961–2001. I: B Aardal m.fl. (red) I valgkampens hete. Strategisk kommunikasjon og politisk usikkerhet. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget

Allern E & Heidar K (2001) Partier og interesseorganisasjoner i Norge. I: J Sundberg (red) Partier og interesseorganisasjoner i Norden . Nord 2001: 8, København: Nordisk ministerråd.

Amr D & Lisowski R (2001) Political Finance in Old Dominions: Australia og Canada. I: K H Nassmacher (red) Foundations for democracy . Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.

Ansolobehre S, de Figueiredo J & Snyder J (2002) Why is there so little money in U.S. politics? NBER Working Paper w9498

Ansolabehere S & Iyengar S (1995) Going Negative . New York: The Free Press

Arstein T (1997) Gøy på landet?: bygdelister i norsk lokalpolitikk 1945–1995 . Hovedoppgave i sammenliknende politikk. Universitetet i Bergen.

Austen-Smith D (1997) Interest groups: Money, information and influence. I: D Mueller (red.) Perspectives on Public Choice. A Handbook . Cambridge University Press

Austen-Smith D (1987) Interest Groups, Influence and Welfare. Economics and Politics 7:119–146.

Austin R & Tjernström M (2003) (red) Funding of political parties and elections campaigns. The International IDEA Handbook Series.

Baron D (1994) Electoral Competition with Informed and Uninformed Voters. American Political Science Review 88:33–47.

Benoit K & Mars M (2002) For a Few Euros More: Campaign Spending Effects in the Irish Local Elections of 1999 . Dublin: Trinity College (upublisert).

Brians C &Wattenberg M (1996) Negative Campaign Advertising: Demobilizer or Mobilizer? Irvine: University of California (upublisert)

Campbell A, P Converse, W Miller & D Stokes (1960) The American Voter . New York: Wiley.

Carlson T (2000) Partier och kandidater på väljarmarknaden: studier i finländsk politisk reklam . Åbo: Åbo Akadmis förlag

Cohen C (1984) Demokratiets former. I: B Hagtvedt & W Lafferty (red.) Demokrati og demokratisering . Oslo: Aschehoug.

Coleman J (1997) The Decline and Resurgence of Congressional Party Conflict. Journal of Politics 59:165–84

Committee on Standards in Public Life (1998) The funding of Political Parties in the United Kingdom . Vol.1. The Fifth Report of the Committee on Standards in Public life.

Dasgupta P (1988) Trust as a Commodity. I: D Gambetta (red.) Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations . New York: Blackwell.

Denzau A & Munger M (1986) Legislators and Interest Groups: How Unorganized Interests Get Represented. American Political Science Review 80: 89–106.

Devlin P L (1995) Political commercials in American Presidential Elections. I: L Kaid & C Holtz-Bacha (red) Political advertising in Western democracies: parties & candidates on television.

Downs A (1957) An Economic Theory of Democracy . New York: Harper & Row.

Dworkin G (1997) Mill’s On Liberty . New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

Elster J (1983) Sour Grapes: Studies in the Subversion of Rationality . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Epstein L (1967) Political Parties in Western Democracies . London: Pall Mall.

Erikson R & Palfrey T (1998) Campaign Spending and Incumbency: An Alternative Simultaneous Equation Approach. Journal of Politics 60: 355–373.

Europarådet Rec(2003)4: Anbefaling fra Ministerkomiteen til medlemsstatene om felles regler mot korrupsjon i finansieringen av politiske partier og valgkampanjer. Vedtatt av Ministerkomiteen den 8. april 2003.

Europarådet Rec(1999)15: Anbefaling fra Ministerkomiteen til medlemsstatene om mediedekning i valgkampanjer. Vedtatt av Ministerkomiteen den 9. september 1999.

Fedøy D A (2003) Kampen om studio. Utviklingen av Partilederutspørringen i NRK Fjernsynet 1981–1993 . Hovedoppgave i medievitenskap, UiO.

Finkel S (1993) Reexamining «the minimal effects- model» in recent presidential campaigns. Journal of Politics 55:1–21.

Gerber A (1998) Estimating the Effect of Campaign Spending on Election Outcomes Using Instrumental Variables. American Political Science Review 92: 401–11.

Gidlund G (1991) Public Investments in Swedish Democracy. I: M Wiberg (red) The Public Purse and Political Parties.Public Financing of Political Parties in Nordic Countries. Jyväskylä: The Finnish Political Association.

Gidlund G & Koole R A (2001) Political finance in the North of Europe: The Nederlands and Sweden. I: K H Nassmacher (red) Foundations for democracy . Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.

Goldstein K & P Freedman (2002) Lessons learned: Campaign advertising in the 2000 elections. Political Communication 19:5–28

Goldstein K & Freedman P (2002) New Evidence for New Arguments: Money and Advertising in the 1996 Senate Elections. Journal of Politics 62: 1087–1109.

Grossman G & Helpman E (2001) Special Interest Politics . Cambridge Mass.: The MIT-Press.

Grossman G & Helpman E (1996) Electoral Competition and Special Interest Politics. Review of Economic Studies 63:265–86

Gunlicks A (1993) Campaign and Party Finance in North America and Western Europe. Boulder: Westview Press.

Hansen T m.fl. (2000) Stortinget som lokalpolitisk aktør . Oslo: NIBR Pluss serien 3/2000.

Heidar K & Saglie J (2002) Hva skjer med partiene? Gyldendal Norsk Forlag AS: Oslo

Helland L (2004) Public Finance and Voter Reactions: Why Cartel Parties Ought to Shy Performance Based Subventions . Working paper. Norwegian School of Management (unpublished).

Holtz-Bacha C (2003) Party electoral advertising in Germany. Trends in content and style from 1957 to 2002 . Paper prepared for presentation at the ECPR General Conference in Marburg 18–21.09.2003

Holtz-Bacha C & Kaid Lee L (1995) Television Spots in German National Elections. I: L Kaid & C Holtz-Bacha (red) Political advertising in Western democracies: parties & candidates on television. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage

Iyengar S, Peters M & Kinder D (1993) Experimental Demonstrations of the «not so minimal» consequences of Television News Programs. I: D Kinder m.fl.(red) Experimental Foundations of Political Science, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press

Jacobson G (1990) The effect of Campaign Spending in House Elections: New Evidence for Old Arguments. American Journal of Political Science 34: 334–62

Jacobson G (1985) Money and Votes Reconsidered: Congressional Elections, 1972–1982. Public Choice 47: 7–62.

Jacobson G (1978) The Case of Vanishing Challengers. I: L Maisel & J Cooper (red.) Congressional Elections. Sage Electoral Studies Yearbook 6: 219–47

Just M, Crigler A & Wallach L (1990) Thirty seconds or thirty minutes: What viewers learn from spot advertisement and candidate debates Journal of Communication 40:120–33

Kahn K & Geer J (1994) Do negative campaigns mobilize or suppress turnout? Clarifying the relationship between negativity and participation. American Political Science Review 93:877–89.

Kaid Lee L & Johnston A (2000) Videostyle in Presidential Campaigns. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.

Kaid L Lee (1997) Political Television Advertising: A Comparative Perspective on Styles and Effects. Paper fremlagt på konferansen Images of Politics, Amsterdam, 23.–26. oktober 1997.

Kaid Lee L & Holtz-Bacha C (1995) Political advertising in Western democracies: parties & candidates on television. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage

Katz R & P Mair (1995) Changing Models of Party Organizations and Party Democracy. Party Politics 1: 5–28.

Katz R & P Mair (1994) How Parties Organize. Change and Adaption in Party Organizations in Western Democracies . London: Sage.

Katz R & P Mair (1993) The Evolution of Party Organizations in Europe: Three Faces of Party Organization. American Review of Politics 14: 593–617.

Koole R A (2001) Political Finance in Western Europe (Britain and France). I K H Nassmacher (red) Foundations for democracy . Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.

Koole R A og Nassmacher K H (2001) Political Finance in the United States. I K H Nassmacher (red) Foundations for democracy . Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.

Krasno J & Green D (1990) Rebuttal to Jacobson’s «New Evidence for Old Arguments.» American Journal of Political Science 34: 363–372.

Krasno J & Green D (1988) Salvation for the Spendthrift Incumbent: Reestimating the Effects of Campaign Spending in House Elections. American Journal of Political Science 32: 884–907

Krogstad A (2004) Fjernsynsvalgkamp. Noen retoriske øvelser i fordeling av skyld og ære. I: B Aardal m.fl. (red) I valgkampens hete. Strategisk kommunikasjon og politisk usikkerhet. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

Lassen D (2002) Essays in the Political Economy of Public Finance . Ph.D Thesis No.110. University of Copenhagen, Institute of Economics.

Levi M (1988) Of Rule and Revenue . Berkeley: University of California Press.

Levi M (1997) Consent, Dissent and Patriotism . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lewis-Beck M & Rice T (1992) Forecasting Elections . Washington DC: CQ Press.

Lijphart A (1994) Electoral Systems and Party Systems . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lipset S (1959) Some Social Requisites for Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy. American Political Science Review 53:69–105.

Listhaug O (1998) Confidence in Political institutions : Norway 1982–1996. Paper prepared for presentation to the Research seminar at the Center for Policy Studies, University of Aberdeen, november 27, 1998.

Listhaug O (2003) A rewiew and proposal for a comparative study of political trust . Paper presented at the conference on Measuring the Emotional Economy of Europe, Brussels, june 2002.

Lupia A & M McCubbins (1998) The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need To Know ? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Maage S, Brock W & L Young (1989) Black Hole Tariffs and Endogenous Policy Theory: Political Economy in General Equilibrium . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Moring T (2003) Between ban and laissez faire – Nordic strategies to political television advertisement . Paper prepared for presentation at the ECPR General Conference in Marburg 18–21.09.2003

Moring, Tom (1995): The North European exception. Political advertising on TV in Finland. I L Kaid & C Holtz-Bacha (red): Political advertising in Western democracies: parties & candidates on television. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage

Mueller D (2003) Public Choice III . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Myerson R (1999) Joseph Schumpeter Lecture: Theoretical comparisons of electoral systems. European Economic Review 43:671–697.

Nassmacher K H (2003) Party Funding in Continental Western Europe. I: R Austin & M Tjernström (red) Funding of Political parties and Election Campaigns . The International IDEA Handbook Series.

Nassmacher K H (2003b) Monitoring, Control and Enforcement of Political Finance Regulation. I: R Austin & M Tjernström (red) Funding of Political parties and Election Campaigns . The International IDEA Handbook Series.

Nassmacher K H (2001) (red) Foundations for democracy . Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft

Nassmacher K H (2001b) Political Finance in West Central Europe (Austria, Germany, Switzerland). I: K H Nassmacher (red): Foundations for democracy . Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft

Nassmacher K H (2001c) Political Finance in Established Democracies. I: K H Nassmacher (red): Foundations for democracy . Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft

Norris P (2005) Radical Right: Parties and Electoral Competition . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (under publisering).

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Orr G, Mercurio B & Williams G (2003) Australian Electoral Law: A Stocktake. Election Law Journal Volume 2, Nr. 3.

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Pierre J, Svåsand L & Widtfeldt A (2000) State Subsidies to Political Parties: Confronting Rhetoric with Reality. Western European Politics , Volum 23, nr. 3.

Pinto-Duschinsky M (2003) Regulations and Subsidies, a Practical Guide . International IDEA Conference – Towards Substainable Democratic Institutions in Southern Africa. Stockholm: International IDEA.

Rasch B (2004) Kampen om regjeringsmakten . Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.

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Rekkas M (2003) The Impact of Campaign Spending on Votes in Multiparty Elections. British Columbia: Department of Economics at Simon Fraser University (upublisert).

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Rosenstone S (1983) Forecasting presidential elections . New Haven: Yale University Press.

Samfunnsspeilet nr. 4, 2003: Sosial og politisk deltaking. Oslo: Statistisk Sentralbyrå:

http://www.ssb.no/vis/samfunnsspeilet/utg/ 200304/12/art-2003–09–26–01.html

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Sanders, D & Norris P (2002) Advocacy versus Attack: The impact of political advertising in the 2001 UK general election . Upublisert paper.

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Scammell M & Semetko H A (1995) Political Advertising on Television: The British Experience. I L Kaid & C Holtz-Bacha (red) Political advertising in Western democracies: parties & candidates on television. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage

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Snyder J (1990) Campaign Contributions as Investments: The U.S. House of Representatives 1980–1986, Journal of Political Economy 98: 1195–1227.

Strøm K (1994) Oppløsningsrett og parlamentarisme: Et internasjonalt perspektiv. I: B Rasch & K Midgard (red.) Representativt Demokrati: Spilleregler under debatt . Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

Sunstein C (1993) Democracy and the problem of free speech . New York: The Free Press.

Svåsand L (2001) Statlig finansiering av politiske partier: intensjonene og utfallet. Vedlegg 5 til NOU 2001: 3 Velgere, valgordning, valgte

Svåsand L (1994) Partienes finansieringsmønster: Fra medlemmenes lommebøker til statsbudsjettet. I: K Heidar & L Svåsand (red): Partiene i en brytningstid . Bergen: Alma Mater

Svåsand L (1992) Norway. I: R Katz & P Mair (red): Party organizations: a data handbook on party organizations in Western democracies, 1960–90. London: Sage.

Svåsand L (1991) State Subventions for Political Parties in Norway. I: M Wiberg (red) The public purse and political parties. Public financing of political parties in Nordic Countries. The Finnish Political Science Association.

Tagapera R & Shugart M (1989) Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems . New Haven: Yale University Press.

The Electoral Commission (2003) Party political Broadcasting. Report and recommendations.

The USAID Office of Democracy and Governance (2003) Money in politics handbook: A guide to increasing transparency in emerging democracies.

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Van Biezen I & Nassmacher K H (2001) Political Finance in Southern Europe: Italy, Portugal and Spain. I: K H Nassmacher (red): Foundations for democracy . Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.

Waldahl R & Aardal B (2004) Velgernes eksponering for valgkampen i mediene. I: B Aardal m.fl. (red) I valgkampens hete. Strategisk kommunikasjon og politisk usikkerhet. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget

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Young S (2003) Scare Campaigns. Negative Political Advertising in Australia. Paper levert til Australasian Political Studies Association (APSA) Annual Conference , University of Tasmania, Hobart, 29 September-1 October 2003.

Aardal B, Krogstad A & Narud H M (red) (2004) I valgkampens hete. Strategisk kommunikasjon og politisk usikkerhet. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

Aardal B (2003) Velgere i villrede …: En analyse av stortingsvalget 2001 . Oslo: Damm

Aardal B (1999) Velgere i 90-åra . Oslo: NKS-Forlaget

Offentlige publikasjoner

Innstilling fra Partifinansieringsutvalget av 1968.

Instilling Stortinget nr. 33 1974–1975

Ot.prp. nr. 78 (2002–2003) Om lov om endringer i straffeloven mv. (straffebud mot korrupsjon)

Ot.prp. nr 92 (1998–1999) Om lov om behandling av personopplysninger (personopplysningsloven) .

Odelstingsproposisjon nr. 58 (1998–99) Om lov om endringer i lov 4. desember 1992 nr. 127 om kringkasting m.m.

NOU 2003: 30 Ny offentlighetslov. Utredning fra et utvalg oppnevnt ved kongelig resolusjon 10. desember 1999.

NOU 2003: 23 Evaluering av regnskapsloven. Utredning fra et utvalg oppnevnt ved kongelig resolusjon 7. juni 2002.

NOU 2003: 19 Makt og demokrati . Utredning fra en forskergruppe oppnevnt ved kongelig resolusjon 13. mars 1998.

NOU 2003: 9 Skatteutvalget. Forslag til endringer i skattesystemet. Utredning fra et utvalg oppnevnt ved kongelig resolusjon 11. januar 2002

NOU 2002: 22 En alminnelig straffebestemmelse mot korrupsjon. Utredning fra Straffelovrådet etter oppdrag fra Justis- og politidepartementet av 28. september 2000.

NOU 2001: 3 Velgere, valgordning, valgte. Innstilling fra Valglovutvalget oppnevnt ved kongelig resolusjon 3. oktober 1997.

NOU 1999: 27 « Ytringsfrihed bør finde Sted».Forslag til ny Grunnlov § 100 . Utredning fra en kommisjon oppnevnt ved kongelig resolusjon 26. august 1996.

NOU 1997: 19 Et bedre personvern – forslag til lov om registrering av personopplysninger. Utredning fra et utvalg oppnevnt ved kongelig resolusjon 6. oktober 1995.

NOU 1995: 19 Statlige tilskuddsordninger til barne- og ungdomsorganisasjoner. Rapport fra en granskningskommisjon oppnevnt ved kongelig resolusjon av 24. mars 1995 for å vurdere praktiseringen av de statlige tilskuddsordningene til barne- og ungdomsorganisasjoner.

NOU 1995: 18 Ny lovgivning om opplæring. «… Og for øvrig kan man gjøre som man vil» . Utredning fra et utvalg oppnevnt ved kongelig resolusjon av 10. november 1993.

NOU 1973: 57 Støtte til politiske organisasjoner og formål . Delutredning av 15. november 1973 fra Hovedkomiteen for reformer i lokalforvaltningen.

SOU 2004: 22 Allmänhetens insyn i partiers och valkandidaters intäkter . Betänkande av Utredningen om offentlighet för partiers och valkandidaters intäkter.

Stortingsmelding nr. 26 (2003–2004) Om endring av Grunnloven § 100

Stortingsproposisjon nr. 108 1969–1970